Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (Terrier Type)

Common Symptoms

Severe combined immunodeficiency (terrier type) is an inherited disease affecting Jack Russell terriers. Affected dogs are unable to produce a protein important for proper immune function, predisposing them to severe recurrent or chronic bacterial, viral and fungal infections. Affected dogs often present with symptoms of disease around 12 to 14 weeks of age including failure to thrive, poor growth, weight loss, lethargy, diarrhea, vomiting and lack of palpable lymph nodes. Affected dogs may also present with active respiratory, skin, eye or ear infections. Puppies may die shortly after vaccination with modified live vaccines. Affected dogs die within 4 months of age.

Breed-Specific Information for the Jack Russell Terrier

The Mutation of the PRKDC gene associated with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (terrier type) has been identified in Jack Russell terriers. Though the exact frequency in the overall Jack Russell terrier population is unknown, the Carrier frequency is estimated to be less than 1.1%

Testing Tips

Genetic testing of the PRKDC gene in Jack Russell terriers will reliably determine whether a dog is a genetic Carrier of severe combined immunodeficiency (terrier type). Severe combined immunodeficiency (terrier type) is inherited in an Autosomal Recessive manner in dogs meaning that they must receive two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to develop the disease. In general, carrier dogs do not have features of the disease but when bred with another carrier of the same Mutation, there is a risk of having affected pups. Each pup that is born to this pairing has a 25% chance of inheriting the disease and a 50% chance of being a carrier of the PRKDC gene mutation. Reliable genetic testing is important for determining breeding practices. In order to eliminate this mutation from breeding lines and to avoid the potential of producing affected pups, breeding of known carriers to each other is not recommended. Jack Russell terriers that are not carriers of the mutation have no increased risk of having affected pups.

There may be other causes of this condition in dogs and a normal result does not exclude a different mutation in this gene or any other gene that may result in a similar genetic disease or trait.

References

• Bell TG, Butler KL, Sill HB, Stickle JE, Ramos-Vara JA, Dark MJ. Autosomal recessive severe combined immunodeficiency of Jack Russell terriers. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2002 May; 14(3):194-204. [PubMed: 12033674]
• Ding Q, Bramble L, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Bell T, Meek K. DNA-PKcs mutations in dogs and horses: allele frequency and association with neoplasia. Gene. 2002 Jan 23; 283(1-2):263-9. [PubMed: 11867233]